Ed. note: This blog is cross-posted from the White House Blog. The original post date was January 28, 2016. Read the original post.

Content warning: Sexual assault, rape, intimate partner violence

Last Friday, as Washington, D.C., shut down for "Snowzilla," the White House celebrated the two-year anniversary of the Task Force to Protect Students From Sexual Assault.

Since its creation, the Task Force has accomplished a great deal, developing a number of resources for schools to adapt and use as they address the unique circumstances and needs of their distinct campus communities. In its 2014 Not Alone report (PDF, 888 KB), the Task Force shared these resources and sample documents and also urged schools to conduct their own campus climate surveys, so that each school could measure the prevalence of sexual assault among students and enhance prevention and response efforts.

We hit another major milestone last week when the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), with RTI International, partnered with the Department of Justice (DOJ) Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) and published a major study in which they further refined the Task Force's 2014 toolkit for conducting sexual assault climate surveys. The complete report on the results of this new study, the Campus Climate Survey Validation Study (CCSVS), can be found here (PDF, 5.33 MB).

The CCSVS: Finding a Solution Requires Understanding the Problem

The CCSVS report provides data on prevalence of sexual harassment, sexual assault victimization, and intimate partner violence on nine college/university campuses. By carefully selecting the participating schools, the research scientists who conducted the survey were able to offer variation in terms of size, public vs. private status, two- vs. four-year, program length, and geography. Surveys were completed by more than 23,000 undergraduate students (approximately 15,000 females and 8,000 males), and the average response rate across all nine schools was 54% for females and 40% for males.

The CCSVS report offers important information and guidance in several respects:

• It affirms and expands our knowledge of the data on campus sexual assault.
• It demonstrates that sexual assault presents differently on each campus.
• It illustrates the importance of campus-specific climate studies.
• It offers a model that schools can use to conduct their own sexual assault surveys and subsequently develop campus-specific prevention and response programs.

Let's examine each of these ideas in a bit more detail.

The CCSVS report presents findings that support and expand upon prior studies of campus sexual assault prevalence. The researchers found that, on average, 21% of female students surveyed at the nine schools had experienced a completed sexual assault since entering college — though rates at each of the nine schools varied significantly, from 12% to 38%. A second, related finding was that approximately 25% of fourth-year female undergraduates attending four-year schools had experienced sexual assault since entering college. These statistics affirm statistics previously discussed in the Not Alone report — and show the problem may actually be more serious than previously measured.

Overall, female students, younger students, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender students reported the highest rates of sexual assault amongst CCSVS survey respondents at all nine schools. Amongst the noteworthy findings: The overall prevalence rate of sexual assault for transgender students was nearly 28%. The survey also found higher rates of sexual harassment and sexual assault at schools whose student respondents had negative perceptions of school leadership on sexual assault issues.

Students' confidential, self-reported data that is reflected in the CCSVS paints a very different picture than official statistics. For instance, the CCSVS chart below indicates that 2,380 student respondents experienced a completed rape in the 2014—15 school year, though only 170 student respondents — or 7% — reported the rape to school authorities.

The CCSVS results emphasize two key points:

• First, sexual assault presents differently on each campus. School-specific data, similar to that presented in the Association of American Universities' (AAU) 2015 survey of 27 colleges and universities, is needed to better understand the reasons behind such variation and to develop prevention and response programs that are individually tailored to suit a particular campus.
• Second, sexual assault is underreported. The CCSVS shows us a way to capture information that institutions might not otherwise know.

So what's the key takeaway from the CCSVS? Each campus can and should conduct its own campus climate study, in order to have a comprehensive understanding of how sexual violence is impacting its students. Fortunately, BJS has created an updated survey instrument (PDF, 925 KB) so that all campuses can begin implementing their own surveys after reading the report.

Changing the Culture: It's On Us

Because climate surveys allow schools to understand the particular nature and dynamics of sexual assault and intimate partner violence on any given campus, they are a critical ingredient in changing a culture on college and university campuses that tolerates, condones, or even promotes sexual assault. Such culture change is the ultimate goal of the Task Force to Protect Students From Sexual Assault and the It's On Us campaign, described below.

In November, as part of the It's On Us Week of Action, Vice President Biden traveled to four college campuses — the U.S. Naval Academy, Clemson University, Morehouse College, and Syracuse University — to send this very message. He exhorted students and administrators "to change our culture on… campus to understand 'no' means 'no.' No exceptions. 'No' means 'no.' Even if you start and you decide to stop. No matter when it's uttered. And if she can't say 'no,' it is rape."

Since its launch, over 250,000 people have taken the It's On Us pledge:

• To promise to intervene when you see something.
• To promise to create an environment where sexual assault is unacceptable.
• To ensure that anytime there's no consent, it's rape.

It is on each one of us as individuals, and also on each college and university in this country, to accept responsibility and take action to end sexual violence on campuses. By administering their own campus climate surveys, and then taking subsequent action to respond to the findings, schools across the nation can take an important step in this direction.

For more information about the CCSVS report, please visit:

• Understanding the Campus Climate Survey Validation Study Final Technical Report by Bea Hanson, Principal Deputy Director of the DOJ OVW.
• Understanding the Threat of Sexual Violence on College Campuses by Vanita Gupta, Head of the DOJ's Civil Rights Division.
• OVW's Center for Changing Our Campus Culture: An Online Resource to Address Sexual Assault, Domestic Violence, Dating Violence, and Stalking.

For more information on the White House Task Force to Protect Students From Sexual Assault, please visit http://changingourcampus.org/about-us/not-alone/.

For more information on the It's On Us campaign, please visit https://www.itsonus.org/.

Caroline Bettinger-Lopez, Esq., an international human rights attorney and law professor, is the White House Advisor on Violence Against Women. Caira Woods, Ph.D., a senior women's health policy advisor and former researcher, is a Policy Specialist in the Office of the Vice President, on detail from the Department of Health and Human Services.